University of Central Florida (UCF) Biomedical Exit Practice Exam

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• In prokaryotic cells, DNA is described as which?
• Transcripts are polycistronic.
• Which domain has a lipid monolayer in its cell membrane?
• Which statement is true about transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes is which of the following?
• What term describes an antigen that the immune system of the host is tolerant to?
• The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy (ATP) and pyruvic acid is known as which process?
• Which domain's molecular features are most similar to eukaryotes?
• RNA is ______ to form proteins.
• Krebs cycle location?
• Which toxin is released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings and is heat-labile?
• A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.
• MHC class I molecules are present in all nucleated cells and display endogenous antigens to which T cells?
• Which gas is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
• Which statement best describes eukaryotic cells?
• Horizontal gene transfer describes gene transfer between what?
• Bases are linked by ________ bonds.
• Which plant component is cellulose?
• Phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids connect which components of neighboring nucleotides?
• What are the two products of glycolysis?
• Monocistronic transcripts are characteristic of which domain?
• Which process uses glucose to produce pyruvate and a small amount of ATP without oxygen?
• Typically gram-______ cells.
• Which structure is a dormant, thick-walled, non-reproductive form produced by certain bacteria in response to nutrient limitation?
• Which type of bacteria stains blue/purple with a standard Gram stain?
• Under aerobic conditions, which mechanism produces the majority of ATP?
• DNA is ______ to form RNA.
• Which statement correctly contrasts transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• Which cells are activated in cellular immunity to destroy intracellular pathogens?
• The time it takes for a population to double in number is called the ______ time.
• What term describes molecules that facilitate receptor-ligand interaction by binding to the receptor and helping its coordination?
• Which stage of cellular respiration directly follows glycolysis?
• Which type of immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body, such as through breast milk?
• Proteins are macromolecules that function as enzymes and structural components and are composed of what monomer?
• Lipids primarily make up the cell membrane but also function as ________ and can be used for energy.
• Some antibiotics act by inhibiting transcription and translation in bacteria. Which option best captures this statement?
• Which domain is most similar to eukaryotes in some cellular features?
• The amino acids of proteins are linked together via ___ bonds.
• The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism is called
• Which statement about MHC class II molecules is correct?
• Glucose and other sugars are broken down into _____ and other energy molecules.
• Which immune response involves B cells and antibody production?
• Which domain uses a lipid bilayer in its cell membrane?
• Which type of bacteria stains pinkish/red with a standard Gram stain?
• Which antibody function involves blocking pathogens from interacting with host cells?
• Which toxin is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell dies and the cell wall disintegrates, heat-stable?
• Which of the following are the three main functions of antibodies?
• The complement system is classified as which type of immunity?
• The virulence of a pathogen is defined by the microorganism's _____ and _____。」
• Self antigens are ...
• The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an ETC is called ______.
• Which type has 70S ribosomes?
• Which sugar is found in DNA?
• Which type replicates via binary fission?
• Carbohydrates are monosaccharides that are linked together via a ______ bond.
• A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an ETC and produces end products such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is known as what?
• The complement system is considered to be _____ immunity.
• During which growth phase is the population size constant with some cells dying and others dividing?
• Which term describes the spread of genes between unrelated species, including resistance genes?
• MHC class II molecules are primarily found on which cells and present antigens to which T cells?
• Self antigens are particularly important for which cells?
• Which structure is primarily used for motility in bacteria?
• Conjugation involves which mode of DNA transfer?
• Sugars are linked by ________ bonds.
• Monosaccharides that are the main energy source for cells belong to which macromolecule group?
• In prokaryotes, regulation occurs at the _______ level.
• Which bonds stabilize complementary base pairing in nucleic acids?
• Which stage of cellular respiration is defined as the breakdown of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions?
• The ability of a bacterial pathogen to rapidly spread through tissue is its _____.
• In transduction, how is genetic material transferred between bacteria?
• What term describes the degree of toxicity or injury-producing potential of a microorganism?
• Which group has a lipid bilayer as their cell membrane?
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of which bacteria?
• What is another name for an antibody?
• Humoral immunity is primarily mediated by which components?
• In the lytic cycle, what event leads to release of new virions?
• Which domain contains histones?
• Which Gram type has a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane?
• Which process yields ATP via the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic coupling?
• Which type has DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins?
• The building blocks of carbohydrates are known as
• What can trigger the switch from lysogenic to lytic cycle?
• Which statement about prokaryotic DNA organization is true?
• Which statement about ribosomes is true?
• Which growth phase is considered the exponential phase?
• Which type of bacteria contains teichoic acids?
• The ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin is called _____.
• Which cell type contains membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria?
• A set of proteins on the plasma membranes of cells that help display antigen to T cells is called?
• Which definition describes bacterial transformation?
• Autoimmune disease occurs when the body reacts against self antigens.
• What is oxidized in the Krebs cycle?
• The macromolecule composed of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds is called?
• What are the three structural components that make up a nucleic acid?
• During which growth phase is the population size decreasing logarithmically, nutrients are depleted, and death rate exceeds division rate?
• In cellular respiration, what is the role of NADH?
• Glycolysis occurs in the ______
• A type of viral replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.
• In prokaryotes, replication occurs in which cellular compartment?
• Which structure protects a bacterial cell from ingestion and destruction by white blood cells (phagocytosis)?
• Which pathway yields the most ATP per glucose under aerobic conditions?
• The type of adaptive immunity that destroys intracellular pathogens via lymphoid cells is called _____ immunity.
• Which cells are considered professional antigen-presenting cells expressing MHC class II?
• Which type replicates via mitosis and meiosis?
• In the lysogenic cycle, what happens to the viral genes during host cell division?
• Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in which microorganisms?
• In the electron transport chain, what is the final electron acceptor?
• During which growth phase does cell population increase logarithmically, showing exponential growth?
• Which growth phase is characterized by a death rate that exceeds the rate of new cell formation due to nutrient depletion?
• Lipids are bound by non-polar _______ bonds.
• Which of the following is a mechanism by which bacteria can resist antibiotics?
• Two antiparallel strands bound by ____ bonds between nitrogenous bases.
• In prokaryotes, replication and transcription take place in the cytoplasm.
• Teichoic acids are a component of the cell walls of which type of bacteria?
• Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and substrate-level phosphorylation occur in which cellular compartment?
• Which statement correctly pairs exotoxin and endotoxin with their heat stability?
• Which macromolecule stores genetic information and directs protein synthesis?
• Lipids are _______.
• What staining color is typically observed for Gram-positive bacteria after Gram staining?
• Which growth phase is defined by rapid cell division and exponential population increase?
• Which cycle leads to host cell lysis and phage release?
• What is the type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells?
• Monosaccharides join to form larger carbohydrates by which bond type?
• In Gram staining, which type typically shows a pink/red color due to a thin peptidoglycan layer and the presence of an outer membrane?
• The host's ability to limit pathogen burden and includes such defenses as physical barriers (e.g., skin) and a rapid immune response is called _____.
• Which two molecules are reduced in the Krebs cycle?
• DNA is described as which type of molecule?
• The backbone of DNA is alternating ____ and _____.
• The emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations is primarily driven by which factor?
• In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into what form?
• In molecular biology, the usual flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to protein.
• The chemical action of yeast on sugars is called what?
• Which type has 80S ribosomes?
• Transcripts are monocistronic.
• Which domain is characterized by cell walls that lack peptidoglycan?
• During cell division, which process separates sister chromatids?
• Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is typically converted into which products through fermentation?
• Pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A to form which molecule that enters the Krebs cycle?
• Which cell type lacks membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus?
• In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the _______ where translation occurs in _______.
• Which feature is most closely associated with innate immunity?
• Which carrier produced in this process passes its electrons along the ETC on the inner mitochondrial membrane?
• Which Gram type lacks an outer membrane and has a thick peptidoglycan layer?
• Which group has a lipid monolayer as their cell membrane?
• During the lytic cycle, what is the first step after encountering a host cell?
• The cell wall is mainly made up of ________ fibers.
• What are the four phases of growth for microorganisms?
• RNA contains which sugar and is typically what in structure?
• Antibiotic resistance refers to which concept?
• Which type of bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porins?
• Which group lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
• Which molecule serves as the primary energy currency produced from sugars?
• What are the receptors on T lymphocytes that recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules called?
• Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, are called ______.
• In lysogeny, what happens to the viral genetic material when it becomes part of the host genome?
• What is the electron acceptor in glycolysis?
• Where do replication and transcription occur in eukaryotes?
• Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?
• Which of the following is an example of a lipid?
• Which structure is a long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility?
• After glycolysis, pyruvate may enter the mitochondria to be further metabolized in which cycle if oxygen is present?
• During which growth phase is the population size constant, cells metabolically active, and growth minimal?
• Which energy-generating mechanism yields more ATP per glucose?
• The four bases in DNA are represented by which sequence?
• Which statement best describes the primary function of antibiotics?
• Per turn of the Krebs cycle, which combination of products is produced?
• Which organism type exhibits replication with DNA unwinding in multiple areas, occurs in the nucleus, and involves separation of sister chromatids during mitosis?
• Which statement about DNA packaging is true?
• Which energy-generating mechanism can function both aerobically and anaerobically?
• Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen.
• Active humoral immunity is characterized by which of the following?
• Active humoral immunity is characterized by which of the following?
• Which macromolecule contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus and makes up the genetic information in cells and functions in protein production?
• Which cycle is associated with prophage integration into the host chromosome and lysogenic infection?
• The cell wall helps determine the shape of a bacterium and provides strong structural support to keep the cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic pressure.
• Which domain is described as unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan?
• Where do NADH molecules produced by the Krebs cycle donate their electrons?
• Which antibody function enhances phagocytosis by tagging pathogens for engulfment?